**Data taken from Linguisystems Milestone Guide What are Atypical or Idiosyncratic Phonological Processes?Īs I mentioned before, all children use some phonological processes in their speech. Phonological Process ~ Expected Age of DisappearanceĬluster Reduction (without /s/) ~ 4 years Here are some ages for when common phonological processes should stop being used: However, some children require speech therapy to learn not to use them. Most children stop using these processes without any teaching or coaching. When children do not grow out of using phonological processes or are using them longer than is expected, they are considered to be a problem. When Should Phonological Processes Go Away? Assimilation (changing consonants in a word to be more like other consonants in the word, like gog for dog).Stopping (replacing long sounds like /s/ with short sounds like /t/).Velar Fronting (/t/ for /k/ and /d/ for /g/).Weak Syllable Deletion (nana for banana).Here are some example of normal phonological processes: This a very normal part of learning to speak. Yes! All children use some phonological processes when they are younger. His brain is doing it for him and he is probably not even aware that he’s doing it. He is not choosing to drop all consonants off the ends of words or change sounds around. Keep in mind that these rules are out of the control of the child. This is why it’s common for young children to say “titty tat” instead of “kitty cat”. Many children simply this by creating a rule (phonological process) that says “If a sound is produced in the back of the mouth, I will change it to be produced in the front of the mouth (where it’s easier).” Therefore, /k/ becomes /t/ and /g/ becomes /d/. These rules are called phonological processes.įor example, sounds produced in the back of the mouth (like /k/ and /g/) are difficult for young children to say. To overcome this, the child’s brain creates rules to simplify speech sounds and make words easier to say.
Speaking with all of the sounds of an adult is too overwhelming to a young child’s brain. Children don’t sound like adults when they speak. (n.d.).When a child is young, he hears the speech sounds of the language used around him, but he can’t yet produce all of them. That one time a journal article on speech sounds broke the SLP internet. Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonology. Children’s English Consonant Acquisition in the United States: A Review. Correspondence to Sharynne McLeod: Editor-in-Chief: Julie Barkmeier-Kraemer Editor: Mary K. McLeod, K., Crowe, K., McLeod, S., & Disclosure: The authors have declared that no competing interests existed at the time of publication. What are Phonological Processes? Retrieved January 18, 2021, from Hanks, W., Heidi Hanks Heidi has been a practicing Speech-Language Pathologist since 2000. Written by: Naguine Bensimon Tree, M.A., CCC-SLP, bilingual certification References: can say specific sound(s) correctly:īottom Line: If you are concerned with the way your child sounds, you and others have a hard time understanding them (compared to the norms above e.g., your 5 year old is less than 75% intelligible), and/or your child is showing frustration because they feel people don’t understand them, it’s time to call your speech-language pathologist for an assessment. This chart is really helpful, as it shows the age range by which 90% of children in the U.S. Some errors on certain sounds are normal as a child learns to pronounce the sounds in their language, but by a certain age all speech sounds should be mastered.
Articulation DisorderĪn articulation disorder has to do with making an error on a single sound or a few sounds, like when your child can’t say their “r” or “s” sounds. There are two types of Speech Sound Disorders we will discuss, articulation disorders and phonological disorders. Speech sound disorders can be organic (meaning they have an underlying motor, structural or sensory cause, like a cleft palate or brain injury) or functional (these are idiopathic, they have no known cause). Speech-language pathologists have an umbrella term called Speech Sound Disorders which includes a variety of difficulties with speech sounds. It’s important to first provide some vocabulary about what we’re discussing here. Many of the errors children make are normal as they go through the typical developmental milestones to acquire the speech sounds of their language, but you might be wondering where the cutoff between typical baby talk and actually having a disorder is. Who can forget those early years of childhood when our kids begin to talk and sometimes say the funniest things as they develop their speech skills? Words like rabbit and hungry become wabbit and hungwy, or you may notice that your child usually doesn’t say two consonants next to each other, so a word like clean becomes cean.
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